Psychology MCAT Practice Exam

Which type of learning occurs without reinforcement and manifests later when needed?

1. Insight learning

2. Latent learning

3. Operant learning

4. Conditioned learning

The correct answer is: Latent learning

Latent learning is a type of learning that takes place without any immediate reinforcement or reward. This concept was illustrated in experiments conducted by Edward C. Tolman in the 1930s, where rats in a maze demonstrated knowledge of the maze layout without any external incentives until a reward was introduced. The rats had formed cognitive maps of the maze during their initial explorations and were able to use this knowledge later when a reward was present, showcasing that learning can occur in the absence of reinforcement. The nature of latent learning highlights the cognitive processes involved, distinguishing it from other types of learning that rely heavily on reinforcement or punishment for behavior modification. Insight learning, on the other hand, involves a sudden realization of a problem’s solution, usually following a period of contemplation. Operant learning focuses on the consequences of behavior being used to influence future actions, and conditioned learning generally refers to learning through association, as seen in classical and operant conditioning. These distinctions emphasize that latent learning specifically refers to the retention of information which may not be immediately apparent or utilized until a suitable situation arises.